Benchmarks

Defines base against peak, rate against speed, the threading models a speed run may use and an Arm reference machine.

Where the committee states how workloads were chosen and hardened, and defines the rolling round-robin rate.

Measures with counters what each workload stresses on x86 and Arm server parts, beside data-centre and inference suites.

Fixes model, accuracy floor and query pattern per scenario, so a Server score is throughput under a latency bound.

Shows standard suites misproject data-centre servers, and states the fleet-matching method the suite is built by.

Defines sustainable bandwidth as what unit-stride loops get, not bus peak, and machine balance as flops per access.

Sets the array size rule, timing over repeated trials, and counting bytes a loop asks for, not what the cache moved.

Origin of the one-mechanism-per-test method for memory, system call, pipe and socket latency, and what each leaves out.

Isolates memory-level parallelism from load latency as separate tests, with DVFS held off before timing, x86 Linux only.

Shows why kernel mode with interrupts off matters, removes harness overhead, then recovers cache replacement policies.

Origin of the rule that normalised results take the geometric mean, which a SPEC ratio and the crimes list rest on.

Checklist of evaluation faults from sub-setting and improper baselines to arithmetic means of ratios, each with a fix.

Sets which mean fits costs, rates and ratios, when confidence intervals are owed, and the absolute base a speedup needs.

Decides how many builds, runs and iterations an experiment needs by measuring at which level the variation arises.

Fleet counter profile showing services stall on instruction fetch and burn cycles in shared routines, which SPEC lacks.